The Interactive Influence of Portrait Stones and Yungang Grottoes Statues: A Material and Semiotic Analysis

Abstract

Our study explored the rich dialogue between the Northern Wei Dynasty's portrait stones and the awe-inspiring statues of the Yungang Grottoes. Employing a material and semiotic analysis approach, we investigated how artistic choices in both mediums reflected cultural values and artistic influences. The Yungang Grottoes, emphasizing scale and grandeur, utilized sandstone and limestone for their workability and symbolic associations with the impermanence and strength of Buddhist concepts. Northern Wei portrait stones, focused on durability and protection for the deceased in the afterlife, prioritized slate and granite, materials believed to possess protective qualities and symbolize longevity. Yungang Grottoes statues were directly carved from cave walls or sculpted individually, allowing for hierarchical arrangement within the caves. In contrast, Northern Wei portrait stones, crafted as framed slabs or panels, were placed near the deceased within tombs, serving a commemorative function and reflecting social status through clothing styles and symbols. Yungang Grottoes statues, through postures like standing and seated positions, and mudras representing specific Buddhist teachings, conveyed religious significance. Northern Wei portrait stones, with their standing, seated, and rare kneeling postures alongside raised hands in prayer or objects like cups, offered a more literal portrayal focused on the deceased's social status and respect. Similarly, clothing styles on the statues depicted draped robes with increasing detail over time, while portrait stones showcased Han dynasty attire and occasional military garb.