INVESTIGATIONS ON LIMESTONE WEATHERING OF EL‐TUBA MINARET EL MEHALLA, EGYPT: A CASE STUDY

Abstract

The weathering phenomena that have affected El‐TUBA Minaret, one of the most important Islamic stone minarets in middle delta in Egypt; that has suffered from sev‐ eral factors of deterioration due to weathering phenomenon. The present investigations concern the weathering factors that may have affected the minaret via the following methods and techniques: a) Contact‐free methods used to study the chemical and min‐ eralogical composition of building materials before and after weathering effects such as SEM‐EDX and XRD, b) Non‐destructive methods to find out percentage of range of de‐ cay which has affected these materials as well as the deteriorating roles of the surround‐ ing environment. This method has been used to make an anatomical scheme of these features especially to specific deteriorated parts by GIS and other digital imaging tech‐ niques. All results confirm that the degradation factors affecting the minaret building materials are essentially attributed to direct effects of weathering phenomena. These weathering phenomena arise from physical and chemical mechanisms which have lead to many deterioration forms on the following two scales: a) Macro scale of weathering phenomena (e.g. structural damages, crakes, loss of plumb and walls bulging), b) Micro scale of weathering phenomena (e.g. hydrated salts, bursting, flaking, coloration, scaling, skinning, exfoliation and soiling). Discussion on the management and rehabilitation of this monument is made, since it is one of the religious shrines in Egypt.