TECHNOLOGY AND BUILDING MATERIALS IN ROMAN AGE (1st BC - 2nd AD): THE “MAUSOLEO DELLA SFINGE” FROM THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE OF CUMA (ITALY)

Abstract

This research aims to deepen knowledge on geomaterials used in building operations of a very important

monumental complex belonging to the "Porta Mediana" necropolis the archeological site of Cuma.

The entire site counts 70 mausoleums among which, the one named "Sphinx complex" or A63, is particularly

important. For its realization several geomaterials have been used.

Analytical results were carried out from several techniques such as optical microscopy, microchemical and

mineralogical-petrographical analysis, scanning electron microscopy with EDS and X-ray powder

diffraction. This approach allows to clarify the provenance of natural geomaterials and also the technological

processes involved in the production of artificial geomaterials (mortars, plasters, cocciopesto).

Phlegrean tuffs, due to their easy workability and good mechanical features, were used mainly for

masonries and for decorative function (a bas-relief of a "sphinx" for example). As far as artificial geomaterials

are concerned, the use of a volcanic aggregate, was privileged too. Some examples of imported stones were

also found: limestones and marbles, the first one implemented as a building material for cippi of the fence

while the second one for prestigious coating elements. Results permitted to evaluate building techniques of

the period and mainly the wide potential of Phlegrean fields' materials when used as a bulding stone. This

research aims also to give important informations for restoring and conservative actions useful for

mausoleums of the entire site.